Although the preamble to the treaty refers to UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 and repeatedly calls for other Arab neighbours of Israel to join the peace process, the Arab world has reacted angrily to Sadat`s separate peace with Israel and has refused to support or participate in it. The Arab League has relocated its headquarters from Cairo and most of its members have severed relations with Egypt, insinuating nearly a decade of Egyptian isolation. Opponents in Egypt protested against peace with Israel and Islamic radicals, who had previously argued with Sadat over its economic and social programs, assassinated her on 6 October 1981. Israelis welcomed the treaty in general, although some on the right opposed setting a precedent for Israeli territorial concessions, and Israeli soldiers had to physically remove protesters from homes in the Sinai city of Yamit. In August 2012, Israel agreed that Egypt could deploy additional troops, including helicopter gunships, to northern Sinai to fight militants who carried out an attack on Egyptian border guards that killed 16 people. [6] Later this month, Egypt deployed additional heavy weapons without Israel`s agreement in the demilitarized zone, violating the terms of the peace treaty. [7] [8] Egypt stated that the sending of these troops and weapons was in accordance with the agreements reached with Israel in 2011. [8] Israel has reportedly asked the United States to settle this dispute. [8] Shortly thereafter, Egyptian Defence Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi reportedly assured his Israeli counterpart Ehud Barak that Egypt had committed to maintaining the Camp David peace agreement with Israel in 1979. [9] The peace treaty contains a provision called the Agreed Activity Mechanism, which allows Egypt and Israel to jointly amend the regulations of Egyptian forces in Sinai, without having to formally review the treaty itself.
Israel has authorized Egypt to send troops to central and eastern Sinai for mutual security reasons, such as the presence of militant jihadist groups in these areas. These changes are coordinated through the MFO. [4] President Jimmy Carter (centre) congratulates Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat (left) and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in a three-way handshake after the signing of the historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. | AFP/Getty Images The agreement also led the United States to commit to multi-billion dollar annual grants to the governments of Israel and Egypt, subsidies that continue to this day and are linked as a mixture of subsidies and aid plans for the purchase of American equipment. From 1979 (the year of the peace agreement) to 1997, Egypt received $1.3 billion a year in military aid, which helped modernize the Egyptian army. [24] (This goes beyond economic, humanitarian and other aid, which amounts to more than $25 billion). Egypt, delivered to the east until 1979, received American weapons such as the M1A1 Abrams Tank, the artillery ship APACHE AH-64 and the F-16 fighter aircraft. By comparison, since 1985, Israel has received $3 billion in military grants and aid per year. [25] When Carter and Vance met with Arab and Israeli leaders in the spring of 1977, negotiations for a return to Geneva appeared to be improving.
On May 17, 1977, an Israeli election shook the Carter administration, when the moderate Israeli Workers` Party lost for the first time in Israel`s history. Menachem Begin, leader of the conservative Likud party and Israel`s new prime minister, has been intractable on the issue of land exchange for peace.